neavs org biomedical research

Cox Discussions of NHP-related research often cite shortages in the supply of some species, leading to high prices and long waiting times to obtain animals. The crux of my testimony is that imposing a dichotomy between ethical and scientific argumentsas asked to do by [30][44][45], The Ethical Science Education Coalition (ESEC) is NEAVS' educational affiliate. I dedicate this paper to the memory of Dr. Andrew Lackner: scientist, mentor, and great champion of translational research using NHPs. Dudley Research using all vertebrate animals, including NHPs, and the characteristics of the facilities that house and breed animals are regulated in North America (Griffin and Locke 2016; Tardif et al. Technologies to modify the genomes of rodents have formed the basis of developing many disease models, particularly in the laboratory mouse. These centers also include the laboratories of researchers that are experts in NHP-related research. 1 0 obj The rigor with which experimental animals are described in publications also influences the reproducibility of animal-based translational studies. Cruelty Free International works to end the use of animals in product testing worldwide. (2016). J 2016, 2017; Cornish et al. These articles are briefly described as follows. endobj ESEC is a proponent of dissection choice legislation and policies which provide students the right to choose alternatives to animal use in their education. 2013; Vasbinder and Locke 2016), the European Union (Olsson et al. This type of coordination will, among other benefits, identify enough animals of high potential in regard to a specific disease, such that a relatively small number of animals, prescreened as likely candidates, can be sequenced. Besides the obvious ethical and welfare concerns, this also casts doubt on the validity of any results obtained using such animals. Kilkenny These studies include the effects of long-term energy restriction in aging NHPs. (2016) and Bimber et al. All Rights Reserved. WebNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH reported its two largest programs on its FY 2020 Form 990 as: $802,445 Spent in most recent FY 66% Percent of program Cynomolgus macaques are imported from Asia and provided to academic and industrial investigators by CROs. The New England Anti-Vivisection Society, founded in 1895, works to expose and replace animal experiments in laboratories and classrooms with ethically and Recent examples include the influence of the animal rights organizations on the NIH decision to prohibit research using chimpanzees (Reardon 2015, see also commentary in this issue by Veazey and Lackner 2017 and Lanford et al. [12] The resulting alternative was later used by a number of product and cosmetics companies. In summary, more detailed reporting of the characteristics of NHPs used in experiments can improve reproducibility and can lead to new avenues of investigation. Bonnie Mathieson and Jean Patterson (Office of AIDS Research). There is no good solution to this problem, which is outside the control of the end users of the animals. These reviews discuss the use of NHPs to facilitate preclinical research related to many of the diseases that have the highest prevalence in humans and cause extraordinary amounts of human suffering and financial and social burdens. (2017) have reported sequencing of several additional rhesus, which can be used to further refine the rhesus genome assembly and allow new inferences about rhesus genome organization and potential for identifying disease genes in captive populations. The field of NHP-based translational research will benefit from a direct comparison of requirements for animal welfare across centers in all countries that supply NHPs for translational investigations. 2015). Taylor Foreman and colleagues discuss the use of NHPs as preclinical models for development of vaccines that protect against infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and for therapies that can ameliorate tuberculosis. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the National Academy of Sciences. 2016; SCHEER 2017), and some Asian countries, such as China, Japan, and Korea (Ogden et al. I also hope these reviews will provide critical basic information on the use of NHPs for translational research to the very large number of stakeholders, including patients, involved with these high-profile diseases and to the general public. To my knowledge, there is actually very little hard data on this subject, aside from anecdote. Matthew Banks and colleagues review many of the preclinical studies aimed at understanding the etiology of substance abuse disorders (drug addiction) and developing therapies using preclinical animal models, particularly NHPs. Marina Emborg summarizes the features of three major neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimers, Parkinsons, and Huntingtons diseases. K Lanford These classes of animals are needed to keep breeding colonies at optimal levels to support the number and diversity of NHP-based translational studies and thus can be in short supply for investigations. Proper husbandry of NHPs that reduces stress and maintains animal health is critical for the development of NHP models. [7], Today, NEAVS continues its work through public outreach, education, legislation and policy change, supporting animal sanctuaries, and funding the development of alternatives to animals in research and science education.[9]. Topics covered in detail include: tuberculosis; viral hepatitis; HIV/AIDS; neurodegenerative disorders; Substance abuse disorders; vision and prevention of blindness; disorder associated with psychosocial processes, such as anxiety, depression and loneliness; cardiovascular disease; metabolic disease, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome; respiratory disease; and female reproduction, prenatal development and women's health. 333 Washington St Ste 850, Boston, Massachusetts, 02108, United States, Find your B2B customer within minutes using affordable, accurate contact data from Datanyze. Laboratories sticking painful eye irritants into restrained rabbit's eyes to test an eye product and cats being forced to have brain electrocutions to test for neurological pharmaceutical drugs are just two of hundreds of products tested on animals according to PETA (peta.org). The majority of animals used in experiments are purposely bred for research. CG WebNEW ENGLAND ANTI-VIVISECTION SOCIETY 333 Washington Street, Suite 850 Boston, MA 02108 Phone: 617-523-6020 Fax: 617-523-7925 Email: info@neavs.org neavs.org 2016 brought enormous success to NEAVS long-standing focus on non-animal alternatives and chimpanzees. Paper topics include findings of research chimpanzee autopsy reports, the implications of genetic differences between chimpanzees and humans, and the applicability of using chimpanzees as research models for cancer, hepatitis C, and AIDS. Over the past several years, a modest number of publications have provided high-quality reviews of the use of NHPs for translational research, including papers by Capitanio and Emborg (2008), Belmonte et al. Neeves, D.W.M. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals (ATLA), 36(4), 381-428. They cite approaches to vaccine development that were first tested successfully in NHPs and have now moved to Phase II human clinical trials and also make the point that some vaccine approaches that appeared to be successful in mice, but were not tested in NHPs, failed in humans. Arrays have also been developed to aid in aspects of colony management, such as testing for parentage or geographic origin (Kanthaswamy et al. 2014; other examples reviewed by Hewitt et al. Every year in the U.S., millions of animals are used as models in biological and medical research to study human disease, injury, development, psychology, The short generation times of mice and their fecundity contribute to the success of these technologies. The baboon sequence, while not yet published, is available from public databases (reviewed in Harding 2017). C For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Mouse models for drug discovery. In the past several years, there has been considerable discussion regarding the reproducibility of animal studies and therefore the utility of animals for translational research. The relatively large size of NHPs can also be important for sample collection, application of diagnostic assays, and imaging (see e.g., Havel et al. These authors recommend that all TB vaccine trials first be tested in NHPs before being performed in humans. Pgs. Founded by Ethel Thurston, PhD, in 1977, AFAAR's mission is to "promote and assist the development and use of alternatives to animals in science." They also discuss the relationship between studies that utilize rodents and those that use NHPs, as well as details regarding the relative merits of using rhesus macaques versus cynomolgus macaques. Examples include studies of several visual abnormalities (Mustari 2017), development of HIV/AIDS vaccines and therapeutics (Van Rompay 2017; Veazey and Lackner 2017), and therapies for tuberculosis (Foreman et al. , Suemizu H, Shimada A, Hanazawa K, Oiwa R, Kamioka M, Tomioka I, Sotomaru Y, Hirakawa R, Eto T, Shiozawa S, Maeda T, Ito M, Ito R, Kito C, Yagahashi C, Kawai K, Miyoshi H, Tanioka Y, Tamaoki N, Habu S, Okano H, Nomura T. SCHEER (Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks) The preclinical research essential for meeting these goals requires use of NHP preclinical models. 2015), and animals with genetically encoded calcium indicators that can be used for imaging neural activity in vivo (Park et al. , Lackner A. Xia Capitanio 2016). $35 annual membership gives you access to CME events. Parallel and coordinated use of whole animals with development of alternative technologies provides an opportunity to validate or abandon alternatives and to enlarge the suite of tools that can be applied to a given translational problem. J The petition aimed to reclassify captive chimpanzees as endangered. , Comuzzie AG, Havill LM, Karere GM, Spradling KD, Mahaney MC, Nathanielsz PW, Nicolella DP, Shade RE, Voruganti S, VandeBerg JL. In brief, the whole genome sequence or the exomic sequence (expressed genes) of an NHP can be used for the following (for a more detailed discussion, see Harding 2013, 2017 and references therein; Bimber et al. WebAbout NNEVS. Highly visible organizations, such as the Humane Society of the United States (http://www.humanesociety.org/) and the New England Anti-Vivisection Society (http://www.neavs.org/), called here, for shorthand, animal rights organizations, actively oppose animal-based research. Abstract and Figures. These advantages relate, in part, to the anatomy and physiology of NHPs, which allow the same types of investigations as are performed using human subjects and to the ability to pair longitudinal drug self-administration studies with noninvasive imaging studies. [16], In 1985, NEAVS began funding Bjorn Ekwall, PhD, chairman of the Cytotoxicology Laboratory (CTLU) in Sweden,[17] a laboratory which designs and validates alternatives to animal research, to develop an in vitro method of toxicology testing capable of replacing the LD50 test,[18][19] which assesses substance toxicity based on the dose that kills 50% of animals in the test. Roth, D.W.M. BN [46], NEAVS' Common Ground initiative includes two initial campaigns incorporating support for women in science and environmental stewardship with its animals in research mission. The reviews herein provide detailed information that updates and augments these papers and websites. For-profit centers (Contract Research Organizations (CROs)) also are a major source of animals for preclinical research. Defining translational research: Implications for training, Prospects for genetically modified non-human primate models, including the common marmoset, Generation of transgenic non-human primates with germline transmission, SCHEER (Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks), Mitochondrial gene replacement in primate offspring and embryonic stem cells, IACUC review of nonhuman primate research, Tackling HIV and AIDS: Contributions by non-human primate Models, Introduction: Global laws, regulations, and standards for animals in research, NMP models for understanding the pathogenesis of HIV infection and AIDS, Biopharma CRO industry in China: Landscape and opportunities, The population genomics of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) based on whole-genome sequences. Federal legislation introduced in 2015 gained momentum toward ending 2016), using small numbers of females. , Zhang XF, Choi SH, Okahara J, Sasaki E, Silva AC. The preclinical research essential for meeting these goals requires use of NHP preclinical Furthermore, major users of research animals, such as pharmaceutical companies and universities, are often reticent to acknowledge use of animals and therefore are limited in their ability to defend investigations that require them. NHPs are particularly relevant because of their highly developed cerebral cortex, cognitive functions, complex motor skills, and neuroanatomy, all of which are similar to the human. The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization "dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education" and replacing them with "modern alternatives that are ethically, humanely, and scientifically superior. . This article provides a detailed review of the use of NHP preclinical models to study several aspects of conditions associated with metabolic syndrome, including glucose resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. . Fish and Wildlife Service Proposes Protection for All Chimpanzees Captive and Wild as Endangered", "NIH must retire chimpanzees to sanctuary", "Petition for Rulemaking: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services", "Agency Moves to Retire Most Research Chimps", "Announcement of Agency Decision: Recommendations on the Use of Chimpanzees in NIH-Supported Research", "Ethical Science Education Coalition (ESEC)", "Common Ground: Animals, Women, Environment", "Humane Science the Focus of Feline Meeting", "The Chimps Hear the Good News: IOM Concludes 'chimpanzees [are] not necessary', Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Labs, American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR), Animal rights in Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism, List of international animal welfare conventions, Moral status of animals in the ancient world, University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society, Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals, Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes, An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_England_Anti-Vivisection_Society&oldid=1146938653, Animal welfare organizations based in the United States, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox organization with motto or pledge, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 March 2023, at 21:39. AV Magazine. A feature of NHP research is that the demand for some species waxes and wanes over time, for example for baboons and marmosets. WebThe National Association for Biomedical Research (NABR) is an American nonprofit organization, 501 (c) (6), located in Washington, DC. Kanthaswamy 2009), autism (Liu et al. This article describes and discusses the details of this program (termed the Biobehavioral Assessment Program), the differences between these naturally occurring NHP models and induced models of conditions such as loneliness, and measurement of relevant physiological and genetic parameters in these animal models. Please visit Sign Petitions and Send Letters to End Chimpanzee Research to show your support. 2017 and references therein). 2016; SCHEER, 2017). WebIn 2010, the European Commission passed legislation to prohibit the use of great apes in biomedical research. Taken together, these articles provide detailed reviews of the use of NHP models for translational investigations and discuss successes, limitations, challenges and opportunities associated with this research. Search for other works by this author on: Trial watch: Phase II and Phase III attrition rates, 20112012, Raise standards for preclinical cancer research, Whole-genome characterization in pedigreed non-human primates using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and imputation, Whole genome sequencing predicts novel human disease models in rhesus macaques, Naturally-occurring nonhuman primate models of psychosocial processes, Contributions of non-human primates to neuroscience research, Progress and prospects for genetic modification of nonhuman primate models in biomedical research, Genome editing in nonhuman primates: Approach to generating human disease models, Functional disruption of the dystrophin gene in rhesus monkey using CRISPR/Cas9, Exome screening to identify loss-of-function mutations in the rhesus macaque for development of preclinical models of human disease, Baboons as a model to study genetics and epigenetics of human disease, Nonhuman primates and translational researchcardiovascular disease, Marmosets are stars of Japans ambitious brain project, A rhesus macaque model of Asian-lineage Zika virus infection, Translational research in the nonhuman primate model of tuberculosis, Comparison of the Canadian and US laws, regulations, policies and systems of oversight for animals in research, Progress in genetics and genomics of nonhuman primates, Genomic tools for the use of nonhuman primates in translational research, Use and importance of nonhuman primates in metabolic disease research: Current state of the field, Clinical development success rates for investigational drugs, Accelerating biomedical discoveries through rigor and transparency, A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs, Development and validation of a SNP-based assay for inferring the genetic ancestry of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), TALEN-based generation of a cynomolgus monkey disease model for human microcephaly, Improving bioscience research reporting: The ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research, The chimpanzee model of viral hepatitis: Advances in understanding the immune response and treatment of viral hepatitis, Autism-like behaviors and germline transmission in transgenic monkeys overexpressing MeCP2, The next step in translational research: Lessons learned from the first preclinical randomized controlled trial, Bringing genome-wide association findings into clinical use, In retrospect: A decade of shared genomic associations, Advances in vision science and prevention of blindness using nonhuman primates, National Association for Biomedical Research, National Research Council (US) Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Laboratory animal laws, regulations, guidelines and standards in China Mainland, Japan and Korea, Protecting animals and enabling research in the European Union: An overview of development and implementation of directive 2010/63/EU, Generation of transgenic marmosets expressing genetically encoded calcium indicators. Vasbinder Sasaki However, there are always difficulties in quickly securing additional support from funding agencies to increase breeding of any given species, since most funding is already committed to support existing breeding colonies and on-going investigations. 2016) should increase and contribute to the utility of NHPs for translational research. , Morris TH. Our focus is now on providing former laboratory chimpanzees release and restitution in sanctuary. "[5], In anticipation of his retirement, Amory appointed a nominating committee that chose psychologist and former NEAVS board member, Theodora Capaldo, EdD, to succeed him. These new requirements will be challenging for investigators proposing NHP-based research and for peer reviewers, in part because of the expense associated with each animal in an NHP-based study and the potential difficulty of obtaining adequate numbers of females, neonates, or juveniles. Strange Cause IQ is a website that helps companies grow, maintain, and serve their nonprofit clients, and helps nonprofits find additional foundation funding. Project R&R Supply problems for rhesus macaques for HIV/AIDS-related investigations have been largely alleviated since the early 1990s, when colonies of specific pathogen-free animals at the NPRCs and the Caribbean Primate Center were reestablished and supported by funding from the NIH. (5) Design of primers for assays that utilize the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and for genetic modification using CRISPR/Cas9 or other techniques for developing genetically modifying animals. SD , Pang W, Agui T, Lee BH. In addition, animals are kept in sterile, stressful environments that cause them to develop abnormal physiological and behavioral responses. Web1981 Frederick Coulston, a toxicologist, establishes the White Sands Research Center (renamed the Coulston Foundation), a biomedical research lab in New Mexico. Read more about what to send here. The authors point out that there are still important medical issues regarding Hepatitis, such as the development of curative therapies for chronic Hepatitis B, as opposed to the successful development of vaccines to thwart new infections, and the development of a vaccine for Hepatitis C, as opposed to the successful development of antivirals. These new approaches cannot be pursued in the absence of an animal model that can replace the chimpanzee.

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